Research Articles (Plant Production and Soil Science)

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/1729

A collection containing some of the full text peer-reviewed/ refereed articles published by researchers from the
Department of Plant Production and Soil Science

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Pinus-derived membrane vesicles disrupt pathogenic metabolism in fungi
Kunene, Sithembile; Mmushi, Tshepo Joseph; Steenkamp, Emma Theodora; Motaung, Thabiso Eric (Wiley, 2026)
• Much of what we know about the biological impacts of vesicles (MVs) is derived from Arabidopsis thaliana. Our study focused on vesicles from species in the non-model plant group, Pinus (pine) (P. elliottii, P. radiata, and P. patula × Pinus tec (hybrid)). These plants have tougher tissues and strong, acicular-shaped leaves (needles). • Herein, we first developed a protocol to guide effective collection of juice fluid from needles and roots in a clean and efficient manner. The effects of these vesicles were characterized in terms of the global nutrient profile of the pine pitch canker fungus, Fusarium circinatum, generated from growing fungal spores on ~400 substrates embedded across BioLog phenotypic microarray (PM) plates (PM1, PM2A: carbon sources; PM3B: nitrogen sources; PM9: osmolytes/pH; PM24C: chemicals). • Our findings revealed that MVs, specifically needle-derived MVs (ndMVs) from P. elliottii, disrupt metabolite assimilation in several important pathways, including carbon and nitrogen metabolism. The PM data were also strongly correlated with observed phenotypic effects, including reduced viability and germination of spores in liquid media, as well as impaired filamentous growth on solid media. Importantly, these MV-induced phenotypic effects were reproducible in other filamentous pathogens (e.g., Botrytis cinerea, Chrysoporthe cubensis and F. graminearum) and during a glasshouse trial conducted with F. circinatum-infected P. elliottii seedlings, demonstrating the stable biological effects of ndMVs. • Cumulatively, our results suggest that plant-derived vesicles can disrupt metabolism in pathogenic fungi and, therefore, serve as a cost-effective and sustainable source of novel plant protection molecules.
Friends or foes? Polyploidy and competition in a grassland geophyte
De Sousa, Damian Vaz; Greve, Michelle; Taylor, Nicolette Jane; Oberlander, Kenneth Carl (Wiley, 2026-02)
Previous studies have suggested polyploids may possess a competitive advantage over diploids, due to their larger size, increased vigour or ability to better respond to abiotic stress. However, few studies have tested the effect of polyploidy on competitive ability directly, and only relatively recently has this oversight begun to be addressed. Here we assessed potential differences in competitive ability between diploids and tetraploids of a widespread African grassland geophyte, Oxalis obliquifolia. Diploid and tetraploid plants were grown in identical environmental conditions under four different competition scenarios. As a control, diploids and tetraploids were grown under solitary conditions. For intra-cytotype competition, pairs of diploids and tetraploids were planted together. Inter-cytotype competition involved planting individual diploids and tetraploids with one another, and for interspecies competition individual diploids and tetraploids were planted with Themeda triandra seedlings. Thirty-seven morphological, physiological and phenological traits were recorded and assessed for associations between cytotype and competition treatment using ordinations and GLMs. Ordination showed diploids and tetraploids as distinct clusters, with very little separation based on competition treatment. Univariate analyses showed tetraploids have larger but fewer organ structures than diploids, suggesting a tradeoff between these traits. Tetraploids also produce larger seeds. Diploids showed reduced numbers of leaves and were more negatively impacted by interspecies competition than tetraploids, suggesting tetraploids may potentially be the better interspecies competitor. Tetraploids also extended their flowering season in response to inter-cytotype and interspecies competition. Cytotypes respond differently under different competition treatments, and tetraploids may have a competitive advantage over diploids. However, this potential competitive asymmetry does not explain observed cytotype sympatry. Tetraploids also appear to differentiate between intra-cytotype competition, and competition with diploids and other species. The potential for abiotic factors to impact these competition dynamics remains unexplored.
Advances and shortfalls in knowledge of Antarctic terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity
Pertierra, Luis R.; Convey, P.; Barbosa, A.; Biersma, E.M.; Cowan, Don A.; Diniz, J.A.F.; De los Rios, A.; Escribano-Alvarez, P.; Fraser, C.I.; Fontaneto, D.; Greve, Michelle; Griffiths, H.J.; Harris, Mathew Andrew; Hughes, K.A.; Lynch, H.J.; Ladle, R.J.; Liu, X.P.; Le Roux, Peter Christiaan; Majewska, R.; Molina-Montenegro, M.A.; Peck, L.S.; Quesada, A.; Ronquillo, C.; Ropert-Coudert, Y.; Sancho, L.G.; Terauds, A.; Varliero, Gilda; Vianna, J.A.; Wilmotte, A.; Chown, S.L.; Olalla-Tárraga, M.A.; Hortal, J. (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2025-02)
Antarctica harbors many distinctive features of life, yet much about the diversity and functioning of Antarctica’s life remains unknown. Evolutionary histories and functional ecology are well understood only for vertebrates, whereas research on invertebrates is largely limited to species descriptions and some studies on environmental tolerances. Knowledge on Antarctic vegetation cover showcases the challenges of characterizing population trends for most groups. Recent community-level microbial studies have provided insights into the functioning of life at its limits. Overall, biotic interactions remain largely unknown across all groups, restricted to basic information on trophic level placement. Insufficient knowledge of many groups limits the understanding of ecological processes on the continent. Remedies for the current situation rely on identifying the caveats of each ecological discipline and finding targeted solutions. Such precise delimitation of knowledge gaps will enable a more aware, representative, and strategic systematic conservation planning of Antarctica.
Quality and quantity losses of tomatoes grown by small-scale farmers under different production systems
Molelekoa, Tintswalo; Karoney, Edwin M.; Siyoum, Nazareth; Gokul, Jarishma Keriuscia; Korsten, Lise (MDPI, 2025-08-01)
Postharvest losses amongst small-scale farmers in developing countries are high due to inadequate resources and infrastructure. Among the various affected crops, tomatoes are particularly vulnerable; however, studies on postharvest losses of most fruits and vegetables are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to assess postharvest tomato losses under different production systems within the small-scale supply chain using the indirect assessment (questionnaires and interviews) and direct quantification of losses. Farmers reported tomato losses due to insects (82.35%), cracks, bruises, and deformities (70.58%), and diseases (64.71%). Chemical sprays were the main form of pest and disease control reported by all farmers. The direct quantification sampling data revealed that 73.07% of the tomatoes were substandard at the farm level, with 47.92% and 25.15% categorized as medium-quality and poor-quality, respectively. The primary contributors to the losses were decay (39.92%), mechanical damage (31.32%), and blotchiness (27.99%). Postharvest losses were significantly higher under open-field production systems compared to closed tunnels. The fungi associated with decay were mainly Geotrichum, Fusarium spp., and Alternaria spp. These findings demonstrate the main drivers behind postharvest losses, which in turn highlight the critical need for intervention through training and support, including the use of postharvest loss reduction technologies to enhance food security.
From species to pixels : monitoring rangeland quality & productivity by leveraging the NDVI-RCI relationship
Nondlazi, Basanda Xhantilomzi; Cho, Moses Azong; Mantlana, Brian Khanyisa; Ramoelo, Abel (Routledge, 2026)
Grasslands are highly vulnerable to climate and changes in grazing management, yet little is known about the national rangeland response to long-term (>18 years) grazing management that may confound climate effects. This study assessed the correlation between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), i.e., productivity and Rangeland Condition Index (RCI) i.e., quality and predicted historical grazing management (26 years) using Ecological Index Method (EIM) analysis of 72 relevés in the Highland Sourveld (HSV). Relationships between 150 NDVI and 72 RCI samples showed a rate of 0.125 change in NDVI for every 12.5% change in RCI. In 1983, the HSV’s rangeland carrying capacity (RCC) ranged from 2.0 - 2.2 ha/AU/yr (land required to support one mature bovine for 1 year), with an NDVI of 0.43, like the benchmark. site. By 2009, the RCC decreased to 3.2 ha/AU/yr, with NDVI <0.30. Selective overgrazing, reduced RCC by increasing Increaser II species and reducing Decreaser species presence. Findings suggest combining NDVI and RCI is more effective than using either alone. Integrating remote sensing with traditional ecological data (Ecological Remote Sensing - eRS) improves our understanding of rangeland vulnarability, thus, ideal for permanent monitoring of public rangelands in South Africa.
Two new endemic species of Hermannia L. (Malvaceae: Byttnerioideae)-H. lilacina and H. boschbergensis-from the Cape Midlands Escarpment (Eastern Cape, South Africa)
Clark, V. Ralph; Vidal Jr, Joao De Deus; Gwynne-Evans, David; Barker, Nigel (Elsevier, 2026-03)
Hermannia L. is primarily an African genus of some 250 species, with the centre of diversity located in southern Africa. It is the sixth-most endemic-rich genus in the Greater Cape Floristic Region, although endemics occur in all biomes in southern Africa. Two new species of Hermannia L. (Malvaceae: Byttnerioideae) are described from the Cape Midlands Escarpment mountains, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Hermannia lilacina Gwynn. & V.R.Clark is common in Karoo Escarpment Grassland (Grassland Biome), mostly above 1600 m in the eastern Sneeuberg Massif (Nardousberg to Aasvoëlkrans, i.e. behind Graaff-Reinet to Pearston), with one record from the interior of the western Great Winterberg–Amatholes (i.e. near Tarkastad). Hermannia boschbergensis Gwynn. & V.R.Clark is apparently confined to mid-elevations in Eastern Cape Escarpment Thicket (Albany Thicket Biome) at 1200 m on the Boschberg (eastern Sneeuberg, near KwaNajoli/Somerset East) and is currently only known from two collections. Recognition of these two new species complements numerous other recent discoveries from these mountains. HIGHLIGHTS • Two new species of Hermannia are described from the Eastern Cape, South Africa. • Hermannia lilacina is endemic to the Sneeuberg and Great Winterberg–Amatholes. • Hermannia boschbergensis is endemic to the Boschberg (Sneeuberg). • Eastern Cape endemic Hermannia are doubled from two to four taxa.
Intra-island variation in wind patterns on sub-Antarctic Marion Island
Schoombie, Janine; Craig, K.J. (Kenneth); Goddard, Kyle Andrew; Hedding, D.W. (David William); Nel, W.; Le Roux, Peter Christiaan (University of Pretoria, 2025-10)
Sub-Antarctic Marion Island provides a critical habitat for pelagic species, yet its terrestrial ecosystem faces increasing threats from climate change. Despite being situated in one of the windiest regions globally, the impact of changing wind patterns at the intra-island scale remains poorly understood. Existing datasets lack the spatial resolution necessary to capture fine-scale wind dynamics across the island. This study aimed to address this gap by presenting high-resolution wind speed and direction data to investigate the effects of wind on terrestrial systems. We present two complementary datasets: (1) wind measurements collected from 17 stations distributed across the island between May 2018 and March 2021, and (2) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations providing wind vectors and associated properties at a 30 × 30 m resolution for heights up to 200 m above ground level. The data reveal significant differences in wind speed and direction across different geographical sectors of Marion Island. Notably, anemometers situated in the south recorded more frequent gale-force winds, while the western stations experienced calmer conditions. By using the observed wind direction frequencies, a weighted average vector plot was generated from the CFD simulations, providing an island-scale representation of spatial wind patterns across the island. These datasets offer valuable insights into variations in wind patterns, including upstream and downstream effects, and serve as a crucial resource for studying wind-driven processes affecting the landscape and ecosystem, such as seed dispersal.
Plant trait matching occurs in facilitative interactions across global drylands
Smit, Imke C.; Le Roux, Peter Christiaan; Soliveres, Santiago; Gross, Nicolas; Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Yoann; Saiz, Hugo; Abedi, Mehdi; Ahumada, Rodrigo; Arroyo, Antonio I.; Asensio, Sergio; Benoit, Richard; Blaum, Niels; Bu, Chongfeng; Eldridge, David; Fajardo, Alex; Farzam, Mohammad; Fateh, Amghar; García-Gómez, Miguel; Gaitán, Juan J.; Gonzalez, Sofia; Gozalo, Beatriz; Greenville, Aaron C.; Guirado, Emilio; Hering, Robert; Leder, Cintia V.; Li, Xinhao; Liu, Jushan; Louw, Michelle Anne; Manzaneda, Antonio J.; Marais, Eugene; Martínez-Valderrama, Jaime; Mendoza, Betty J.; Mora, Juan P.; Moreno, Gerardo; Ochoa, Victoria; Oñatibia, Gastón R.; Peter, Guadalupe; Pueyo, Yolanda; Quiroga, Emiliano; Rahmanian, Soroor; Rey, Pedro J.; Rolo, Victor; Plaza, César; Sarig, Shlomo; Selyari, Javad; Travers, Samantha; Valencia, Enrique; Wang, Deli; Wang, Lixin; Wardle, Glenda; Yahdjian, Laura; Zaady, Eli; Zhang, Yuanming; Zhou, Xiaobing; Maestre, Fernando T. (Wiley, 2025)
AIM : Plant functional traits can influence interaction outcomes between nurse and target plants through a “functional trait match”, which occurs when the traits of nurse plants ameliorate their environment, and target plants possess traits that allow them to benefit from this ameliorated environment. We investigated how the traits of putative nurse species affect interaction outcomes across global drylands and determined the functional match that promotes facilitation. We also investigated how grazing pressure and global climatic and edaphic gradients affected this trait match. LOCATION : Global drylands. TIME PERIOD : 2016–2019. MAJOR TAXA STUDIED : Vascular plants. METHODS : We used a collaborative survey conducted across 29 sites from five continents, where we gathered in situ co-occurrences of dominant species (‘nurses’) and other vascular plant species, as well as their functional traits [plant height and leaf dry matter content (LDMC)]. Climate, edaphic variables and grazing pressure were measured in situ or extracted from databases. We used a model building approach to determine the effect of dominant plant traits on interaction outcomes, and how the functional trait match between nurse and target species is affected by environmental variables. RESULTS : Tall dominant plants with conservative leaves generally had a greater positive effect on species richness and cover beneath their canopies, but these effects were strongly modulated by grazing pressure and soil pH. Target plants that were significantly associated with dominant plants tended to be shorter, and have more acquisitive leaves than dominant plants, regardless of environmental conditions. However, the difference in height and LDMC between dominant plants and negatively associated target plants was strongly affected by environmental conditions. MAIN CONCLUSIONS : Functional traits play a significant role in determining interaction outcomes between dryland plants. Facilitation in drylands is driven by a conservative-acquisitive trait match, a pattern observed regardless of grazing pressure, climate and soil conditions.
Xenorhabdus innovationi sp. nov., associated with the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema innovationi from South Africa
Ritter, Carla L.; Wessels, Helene L.; Ramakuwela, Tshimangadzo; Hatting, Justin; Malan, Antionette P.; Dicks, Leon M.T. (Brill Academic Publishers, 2026-02)
Please read abstract in the article.
A latent invader : transcriptomics reveals Cercospora zeina's stealth infection strategy of maize and immune-activating effectors
Nadasen, Trystan; Buitendag, Carla; Visser, Rode´; Welgemoed , Tanya; Hein, Ingo; Berger, David Kenneth (Frontiers Media, 2025-11-07)
Cercospora zeina is a fungal pathogen that causes gray leaf spot (GLS) disease on maize (Zea mays L.). Upon landing on a leaf, the pathogen enters through the stomata and continues to develop asymptomatically for up to 28 days before symptoms appear. As previous work has yet to adequately determine how the pathogen behaves during its infective period, we used transcriptomics to gain insights about the in-planta development of the pathogen and explore its use of effectors to facilitate this process. Samples from B73 maize inbreds inoculated with an African reference strain of C. zeina (CMW25467) were harvested in a time course experiment and used for deep RNA sequencing. We used reads mapped to an improved assembly and annotation of the C. zeina CMW25467 genome as a proxy for biomass accumulation. Following the latent period, C. zeina was found to rapidly accumulate biomass and showed a nearly 50-fold increase in biomass as symptoms appeared. Two distinct transcriptional waves occurred across the infection period. The first wave showed expression of genes for cellular growth, maintenance and immune avoidance, whereas the second wave was enriched with genes involved in detoxification and carbohydrate catabolism. A total of 140 putative effector genes were differentially expressed over the time course, with most upregulated during the mid stage when the switch to necrotrophy occurred. Transient expression of three of these C. zeina effectors (CzEcp2, CzNIS1a, CzNIS1b) induced plant immunity in Nicotiana spp. resulting in the development of cell death. The CzNIS1a effector required a signal peptide for activity in Nicotiana benthamiana, indicating that it is most likely secreted into the apoplast for this function. The previously undescribed CzNIS1b family member has an N-terminal domain with high sequence and structural identity to CzNIS1a plus a C-terminal domain made up of four alpha helices. Orthologues of CzNIS1b appear to be limited to the Mycosphaerellaceae. This study suggests that a cohort of C. zeina effectors expressed during the mid-stage of infection have functions for which receptors are present in non-host species like tobacco. Altogether, this work suggests C. zeina behaves as a latent necrotroph and provides a foundation for future research into the infection biology of C. zeina.
Enhancing multi-season wheat yield through plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria using consortium and individual isolate applications
Breedt, Gerhardus; Korsten, Lise; Gokul, Jarishma Keriuscia (Springer, 2025-12)
In recent decades, there has been a growing interest in harnessing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as a possible mechanism to mitigate the environmental impact of conventional agricultural practices and promote sustainable agricultural production. This study investigated the transferability of promising PGPR research from maize to another Poaceae cereal crop, wheat. This multi-seasonal study evaluated the wheat grain yield effect of Lysinibacillus sphaericus (T19), Paenibacillus alvei (T29) when applied i. individually, ii. as a consortium with Bacillus safensis (S7), and iii. at a 75% reduced fertilizer rate. Whole genome sequencing allowed annotation of genes linked to plant growth promotion, providing potential genomic explanations for the observed in-field findings. Application of the consortium compared to a commercial PGPR showed significantly increased wheat yield by 30.71%, and 25.03%, respectively, in season one, and 63.92% and 58.45%, respectively, under reduced fertilizer rates in season two. Individual application of T19 and T29 showed varying results, with T19 increasing wheat yield by 9.33% and 16.22% during seasons three and four but a substantial reduction (33.39%) during season five. T29 exhibited yield increases during season three (9.31%) and five (5.61%) but led to a significant reduction (21.15%) in season four. Genomic analysis unveiled a spectrum of plant growth-promoting genes including those associated with ammonification, phosphate solubilization, ethylene, siderophore, catalase, and superoxide dismutase production. These findings offer valuable insights into the mechanisms behind observed field results, with potential implications for advancing sustainable agriculture and crop productivity in evolving agricultural landscapes.
Safeguarding microbial biodiversity : microbial conservation specialist group within the species survival commission of the International Union for conservation of nature
Gilbert, Jack A.; Scholz, Amber Hartman; Bello, Maria Gloria Dominguez; Korsten, Lise; Berg, Gabriele; Singh, Brajesh K.; Boetius, Antje; Wang, Fengping; Greening, Chris; Wrighton, Kelly; Bordenstein, Seth R.; Jansson, Janet; Lennon, Jay T.; Souza, Valeria; Allard, Sarah M.; Thomas, Torsten; Cowan, Don A.; Crowther, Thomas W.; Nguyen, Nguyen; Harper, Lucy; Haraoui, Louis-Patrick; Ishaq, Suzanne L.; McFall-Ngai, Margaret; Redford, Kent H.; Peixoto, Raquel (Oxford University Press, 2025-01)
No abstract available.
Occurrence, concentration, and risk assessment of selected pharmaceuticals in representative cropland soils and their underlying groundwater in Gauteng province, South Africa
Ngoetjana, Matome Peter; Tesfamariam, Eyob Habte; Brown, Sally; Wooding, Madelien; Dippenaar, Matthys Alois (Springer, 2025-08)
Traceable levels of pharmaceuticals are frequently detected in various environmental matrices. However, studies investigating the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in cropland soils and underlying groundwaters are relatively limited, hindering risk assessments. This study aims the following: (1) determine the occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in cropland soils and underlying groundwater, (2) investigate the correlations between pharmaceutical’s occurrence in cropland soils and underlying groundwater, (3) evaluate the correlations between soil and water parameters and pharmaceutical’s concentration, and (4) estimate human health risk from pharmaceuticals present in groundwater. A single soil and groundwater sampling campaign was conducted across eighteen farmers’ fields, characterized by varying farm management practices. Caffeine, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, carbamazepine diol, and N4-acetylsulfamethoxazole were detected in groundwater, with concentrations reaching 67.1, 106.7, 506.7, and 113.8 ng L−1, respectively. Three of these compounds, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, carbamazepine diol, and N4-acetylsulfamethoxazole, were also present in soils with concentrations reaching 10.0, 353.5, and 59.1 ng g−1 dry weight, respectively, indicating potential soil-to-groundwater transfer. Principal component analysis revealed a strong correlation between the application of commercial inorganic fertilizers and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide levels and the irrigation practices and the levels of caffeine, carbamazepine diol, and N4-acetylsulfamethoxazole in the soil and groundwater. Risk quotients showed that caffeine poses negligible risk to human health through drinking water exposure. Overall, the findings suggest that pharmaceuticals are present in South African croplands and underlying groundwater, though current levels do not pose a significant risk to human health. However, future studies should focus on other metabolites of pharmaceuticals due to their higher concentrations in the soil and groundwater.
Exploring household forest dependency : socio-economic drivers, resource utilisation, and conservation challenges in eastern Cameroon
Ebanga, André Paul; Zekeng, Jules Christian; Chimi, Cédric D.; Fobane, Jean Louis; Etoundi Menyene, Laurent Florent; Syampungani, Stephen; Mbolo, Marguérite Marie (Elsevier, 2026-06)
Tropical forests play a vital role in sustaining rural livelihoods while providing essential ecosystem services at global, regional, and local scales. However, increasing human pressure and changing socio-economic dynamics threaten the balance between conservation goals and community subsistence needs. In tropical regions, household dependence on forest resources is influenced by complex socioeconomic and demographic factors. This study, conducted in 10 villages adjacent to the Angossas Community Forest (ACF) in eastern Cameroon, assessed how socioeconomic and demographic factors shape forest dependence and local sustainability strategies. Using stratified random sampling, 223 households were surveyed using semi-structured questionnaires, which captured demographic, cultural, and socio-economic variables through both closed- and open-ended recall questions. The methodology integrated descriptive statistics, non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis), binary logistic regressions, and interdependence tests. The Dependency Index (EDI) was estimated at 0.15, indicating that 78.38% of households were dependent on forest resources. Dependence levels varied significantly across forest product categories (p < 0.05), particularly for timber (15.42%), traditional medicine (16.14%), food (14.22%), cultural practices (13.98%), and handicrafts (12.53%). Regression analysis revealed that education level significantly influenced subsistence use (β = -0.165; p = 0.015) and medicinal plant collection (β = 1.605; p = 0.030). Gender (β = 1.860; p = 0.001) and age (β = 0.624; p = 0.028) were identified as key determinants for timber extraction and agricultural practices. Tree felling was the most prevalent activity (64.04%), while 82.09% of the population engaged in slash-and-burn agriculture. Intensive exploitation affected 41.75% of resources, resulting in species depletion. Our study findings highlight the need to integrate socio-economic factors into forest management policies. Community-based strategies should be strengthened with targeted support and rigorous monitoring to ensure sustainable use of forest resources while safeguarding rural livelihoods.
Identification of sources of Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol resistance in Ethiopian wheat cultivars
Mawcha, Kahsay Tadesse; Yang, Wenxiang; Ndolo, Dennis (Springer, 2026-02)
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, poses a significant threat to wheat production in Ethiopia, causing yield losses of up to 30–70% in severe epidemics and contaminating grain with deoxynivalenol (DON). This study aimed to identify sources of FHB and DON toxin resistance among selected Ethiopian wheat cultivars. Forty-three cultivars were evaluated for FHB resistance under greenhouse and field conditions, using the spawn inoculation method. Disease index (DI), Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK), and DON content were quantified. The mean DI across cultivars ranged from 2.33% to 56.8%, FDK from 1.2% to 48.5%, and DON from 0.12 to 8.64 mg kg⁻¹. Cultivar “Sulla” exhibited the highest level of FHB resistance with a stable DI of 2.33%, FDK of 1.8%, and DON content of 0.16 mg kg⁻¹—the first such finding reported in Ethiopian germplasm. Notably, cultivars “Menze”, “Shorima”, and “Lemu” displayed strong resistance to DON contamination, with toxin levels ≤ 0.25 mg kg⁻¹, exceeding previously reported resistance thresholds. Eleven cultivars, including “Sulla”, exhibited significantly reduced yield losses (< 10%) compared to controls, whereas cultivars such as “Abola”, “Alidoro”, “Kakaba”, “Kingbird”, and “Simba” accumulated the highest DON levels (≥ 6.5 mg kg⁻¹) and showed high susceptibility. Based on the specific molecular marker Xumn10, the Fhb1 resistance gene was detected in 23 cultivars and the resistant control, “Sumai-3”. These findings significantly expand the pool of resources for FHB and DON resistance in Ethiopian wheat breeding, with the potential to improve yields by up to 20% and reduce mycotoxin contamination by more than 80% in FHB hotspots.
Launching the IUCN Microbial Conservation Specialist Group as a global safeguard for microbial biodiversity
Gilbert, Jack A.; Peixoto, Raquel S.; Scholz, Amber Hartman; Dominguez Bello, Maria Gloria; Korsten, Lise; Berg, Gabriele; Singh, Brajesh; Boetius, Antje; Wang, Fengping; Greening, Chris; Wrighton, Kelly; Bordenstein, Seth; Jansson, Janet K.; Lennon, Jay T.; Souza, Valeria; Thomas, Torsten; Cowan, Don A.; Crowther, Thomas W.; Nguyen, Nguyen; Harper, Lucy; Haraoui, Louis-Patrick; Ishaq, Suzanne L.; Redford, Kent (Nature Research, 2025-10)
Despite its importance, microbial life is largely absent from global conservation frameworks. Launched in July 2025, the Microbial Conservation Specialist Group (MCSG) was established as a Species Survival Commission (SSC) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The IUCN is the world’s leading authority in environmental science and policy, renowned for shaping conservation priorities across governments, non-governmental organizations and international treaties. The MCSG convenes a coalition of microbiologists, ecologists, traditional knowledge experts and conservation leaders to develop and advocate for conservation tools, strategies and policies that explicitly integrate microbiology into global biodiversity governance. Despite the importance of microorganisms for ecosystem function, their role has been seen as too abstract or complex to integrate into policy. Elevating microbial perspectives within global conservation has required overcoming a deep-rooted tendency to overlook the invisible.
Ten practical guidelines for microclimate research in terrestrial ecosystems
De Frenne, Pieter; Beugnon, Rémy; Klinges, David; Lenoir, Jonathan; Niittynen, Pekka; Pincebourde, Sylvain; Senior, Rebecca A.; Aalto, Juha; Chytrý, Kryštof; Gillingham, Phillipa K.; Greiser, Caroline; Gril, Eva; Haesen, Stef; Kearney, Michael; Kopecký, Martin; Le Roux, Peter Christiaan; Luoto, Miska; Maclean, Ilya; Man, Matěj; Penczykowski, Rachel; Van den Brink, Liesbeth; Van de Vondel, Stijn; De Pauw, Karen; Lembrechts, Jonas J.; Kemppinen, Julia; Van Meerbeek, Koenraad (Wiley, 2025-02)
1. Most biodiversity dynamics and ecosystem processes on land take place in microclimates that are decoupled from the climate as measured by standardised weather stations in open, unshaded locations. As a result, microclimate monitoring is increasingly being integrated in many studies in ecology and evolution. 2. Overviews of the protocols and measurement methods related to micro climate are needed, especially for those starting in the field and to achieve more generality and standardisation in microclimate studies. 3. Here, we present 10 practical guidelines for ground-based research of terrestrial microclimates, covering methods and best practices from initial conceptualisation of the study to data analyses. 4. Our guidelines encompass the significance of microclimates; the specifics of what, where, when and how to measure them; the design of microclimate studies; and the optimal approaches for analysing and sharing data for future use and collaborations. The paper is structured as a chronological guide, leading the reader through each step necessary to conduct a comprehensive microclimate study. At the end, we also discuss further research avenues and development in this field. 5. With these 10 guidelines for microclimate monitoring, we hope to stimulate and advance microclimate research in ecology and evolution, especially under the pressing need to account for buffering or amplifying abilities of contrasting microhabitats in the context of global climate change.
Lessons learned from compiling a flora checklist for the Cape Peninsula, South Africa
Rebelo, Anthony G.; Holmes, Patricia M.; Spear, Dian; Klopper, Ronell Renett; Van Wilgen, Nicola J. (AOSIS, 2025-11-30)
Checklists form an important component of biodiversity conservation, underpinning species monitoring, conservation planning and management prioritisation. Developing an accurate and taxonomically up-to-date plant checklist for a protected area requires the integration of diverse datasets, verification of species names and careful data management. Using the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, as a case study, we outline key steps and considerations in curating a comprehensive checklist for protected area management. We compiled data from multiple sources, including herbaria, museum collections, local conservation agencies, non-governmental organisations, universities, private conservancies, historical surveys and citizen science platforms such as iNaturalist. Key recommendations for checklist development include: (1) defining the geographic and taxonomic scope of the checklist, (2) identifying data sources, (3) optimising database design with standardised data collection and essential metadata fields, (4) having a verifiable taxonomic backbone, and (5) a clear workflow for working through each data source. In this process, it is important to retain, but flag erroneous records rather than deleting them, make provision for correctly assigning status information to extralimital and alien species, and use a local taxonomic expert to assist in decision-making required for resolving errors. Challenges encountered during the compilation of the checklist include resolving taxonomic inconsistencies, handling misidentifications, addressing orthographical errors in plant names and filtering out cultivated records from naturally occurring species - particularly in iNaturalist data. Our methodology provides practical guidelines to minimise these challenges, aligning with international best practices for checklist compilation and maintenance. By ensuring data completeness, accuracy and taxonomic consistency, we offer a framework that can benefit future biodiversity monitoring and conservation efforts. CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS : Accurate species checklists are crucial for informed conservation decisions. Standardised protocols for data validation and taxonomic accuracy enhance the reliability of biodiversity assessments, ultimately improving conservation outcomes in protected areas.
A South African perspective on the 2023 IPBES Thematic Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and their control
Wilson, John R.U.; Faulkner, Katelyn T.; Winzer, L. Fernandez; Mcculloch-Jones, E.J.; Van Wilgen, B.W.; Blanchard, R.; Carbutt, C.; Dechoum, M.S.; Foxfroft, L.C.; Greve, Michelle; Hui, C.; Ivey, P.; Kgope, B.; Kumschick, S.; Le Roux, Peter Christiaan; Masehela, T.S.; Measey, J.; Miza, S.; Mogapi, T.; Mpikanisi, F.; Mulaudzi, L.; Nelukalo, K.; Nnzeru, L.; Nsikani, M.M.; Pattison, Z.; Rahlao, S.J.; Richardson, D.M.; Robinson, T.B.; Shackleton, R.T.; Tererai, F.; Tshidada, N.; Tshikhudo, P.P.; Tshivhandekano, I.; Wanjau, K.; Ziller, S.R.; Zengeya, Tsungai Alfred (South African National Biodiversity Institute, 2025-11-06)
BACKGROUND : Biological invasions are a major threat to biodiversity and sustainable development. A global assessment of biological invasions released in 2023 by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), concluded that while invasions ‘…cause dramatic and, in some cases, irreversible changes…’ they can be ‘…overcome through a context-specific integrated governance approach’. AIM : Here we evaluate insights from the IPBES assessment in the context of South Africa and explore how these insights could inform the development of a national policy and strategy to address biological invasions. RESULTS : Trends and status of biological invasions in South Africa are similar to those seen globally, but there are some distinct local nuances. South Africa has: 1) a long history of invasions with negative impacts caused especially by invasive trees and freshwater fishes, whilst invasive marine invertebrates have transformed large parts of the coastline; 2) a long history of control (biological control was first implemented in 1913) with large-scale, state-run invasive species management programmes currently in place; 3) a comprehensive regulatory system (e.g., there is provision for beneficial invasive species to be used under permits); 4) relatively high levels of awareness and engagement (at least among some stakeholder groups); and 5) a well-connected community of practice. DISCUSSION : Efforts to limit introductions (intentional or unintentional) are difficult given South Africa’s extensive and porous borders and the pressing need to increase trade and travel. Regulatory and implementation efforts aimed at prevention are improving, with the newly established Border Management Authority aiming to integrate biosecurity interventions at ports of entry. Such integrated governance is, we argue, needed more broadly if affected sectors, society groups and stakeholders are to be effectively included in decision-making and management. A more systematic flow of information from observation to action is essential, as is better feedback between research, policy and implementation at all scales. Biological invasions will continue to pose threats, but many of these can be effectively mitigated through focussed interventions. Co-ordinating such interventions in the context of other cross-cutting global change challenges and initiatives is a cost-effective way of protecting and improving livelihoods, human health, quality of life and biodiversity.
Climate change and the antinutrient–antioxidant puzzle in common bean seeds
Vorster, Juan; Cominelli, Eleonora; Sparvoli, Francesca; Losa, Alessia; Sala, Tea; Kunert, Karl J. (Wiley, 2026-02)
Non-proteinaceous and proteinaceous antinutrients in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds can negatively affect human nutrition by reducing mineral bioavailability and impairing protein digestibility during digestion, respectively. However, many of these compounds also possess strong antioxidant properties that can help protect the plant from oxidative stress. While strategies to reduce antinutrient levels have been proposed to enhance the nutritional value of beans, less attention has been given to their potential protective functions, particularly under abiotic stress conditions. In the context of ongoing global climate change - marked by more frequent and prolonged drought and heat stress - there is a significant research gap concerning the influence of these environmental stresses on the accumulation and function of seed antinutrients in common beans. This perspective paper reviews current knowledge on the production of antioxidative antinutrients in response to abiotic stress and highlights the dual role of these compounds. It also outlines key research directions needed to better understand how climate-induced stress may alter antinutrient levels, and the implications this may have for both human nutrition and plant resilience. © 2025 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

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