Diseases of coffee with particular reference to those affecting stems and roots in Colombia

Abstract

English: Coffee trees belong to the botanical genus Coffea (family Rubiaceae). Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) originated in Ethiopia and was first cultivated in Yemen in the 15th century. Arabica coffee was introduced to the Asian and American continents during the 17th and 18th century respectively. Today, this species accounts for 70% of the world coffee production, with C.canephora (robusta) constituting ~30% of the production. Coffee has contributed significantly to the economic and cultural development of the countries where it is grown. In 2013, the exporting countries produced approximately 8.5 million metric tonnes (MMT) of green coffee beans, with Brazil, Vietnam, Indonesia and Colombia as the main producers. Significant research programs have focused on providing high-yielding C. arabica cultivars with resistance to pests and diseases, drought, low temperatures and acidic soils. In Colombia, coffee is grown on 915 793 hectares, sustained by approximately 563 000 Colombian coffee growing families. Colombia exported 0.7 MMT of coffee in 2013, worth approximately USD 3 500 000 000. Coffee production has been significantly threatened by leaf rust caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatrix, which is present in all coffee growing countries globally, and results in substantial economic losses. In Colombia two groups of soil borne pathogens, Rosellinia species that cause root rot diseases, and Ceratocystis species which causes canker (“llaga macana”) disease, also reduce productivity. This review presents a summary of knowledge regarding coffee species, their economic importance, breeding of coffee to improve production and details of the latter two diseases, primarily in Colombia.

isiZulu: Izihlahla zekhofi zitholakala ezingadini zezimila ze-genus Coffea (umndeni yi-Rubiaceae). Ikhofi i-Arabica (i-Coffea arabica) lasungulwa e-Yuthophiya futhi laqala ukulinywa okokuqala e-Yemeni eminyakeni engamakhulu e-15. Ikofi i-Arabica langeniswa kumakhontinenti aseMelika nase-Eshiya eminyakeni engamakhulu e-17 kanye ne-18 ngokulandelana. Namhlanje, lolu hlobo limelelwa ngama70% omkhiqizo wekofi lomhlaba wonke, kuthi i-C.canephora (i-robusta) yona iqukathe ama-30% omkhiqizo. Ikofi linikeza okusemqoka ekuthuthukiseni ezomnotho nezosikompilo emazweni lapho litshalwa khona. Ngowe-2013, amazwe athekelisayo akhiqiza okucishe kulingane namathoni angamamethriki (i-MMT) angu-8.5 wamamiliyoni obhontshisi wekhofi oluhlaza abakhiqizi abasemqoka kwakuyiBhrazili, i-Vietnam, i-Indonesiya neKholombiya. Izinhlelo zocwaningo ezisemqoka ziye zagxila ekuhlinzekeni okokuhlakula okwakukhiqiza i-C arabica okwakuzabalazela izifo Kanye nezinambuzane eziwuhlupho, isomiso, amazinga okushisa aphansi kanye nenhlabathi eyayine-esidi. EKholombiya, ikhofi litshalwa kumahektha ayi-915 793, axhaswa yimindeni yaseKholombiya etshala ikhofi ecishe ilingane eyi-563 000. Ikholombiya yathekela ngo-0.7 MMT wekhofi ngowe-2013, owawulinganiselwa cishe ku-3 500 000 000 wama-USD. Ukukhiqizwa kwekhofi kusongelwa ngokusemqoka wukugqwala kweqabunga okubangwa yisikhunta i-Hemileia vastatrix, esikhona kuwo wonke amazwe atshala ikhofi emhlabeni wonke jikelele, futhi umphumela waso ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezomnotho. EKholombiya kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili zamagciwane atholakala enhlabathi, izinhlobo ze-Rosellinia ezibanga izifo zokubola kwezimpande, kanye nohlobo lwe-Ceratocystis olubanga isifo somdlavuza (i-canker) (“i-llaga macana”), siphinde sehlise nezinga lokukhiqiza. Loku kubuyekeza kwethula ukufingqwa kolwazi oluphathelene nezinhlobo zekhofi, ubumqoka bazo kwezomnotho, ukuzaliswa kwekhofi ukwenza ngcono ukukhiqizwa kanye nemininingwane yezifo ezimbili zakamuva, ikakhulukazi eKholombiya.

Afrikaans: Koffiebome behoort aan die botaniese genus Coffea (familie Rubiaceae). Arabica-koffie (Coffea arabica) het sy oorsprong in Ethiopië en is die eerste keer in die 15de eeu in Jemen verbou. Arabica-koffie is gedurende die 17de en 18de eeu onderskeidelik aan die Asiatiese en Amerikaanse vastelande bekendgestel. Vandag maak hierdie spesie 70% van die wêreldkoffieproduksie uit, met C. canephora (robusta) wat ongeveer 30% van die produksie uitmaak. Koffie het aansienlik bygedra tot die ekonomiese en kulturele ontwikkeling van die lande waar dit verbou word. In 2013 het die uitvoerlande ongeveer 8,5 miljoen metrieke ton (MMT) groen koffiebone geproduseer, met Brasilië, Viëtnam, Indonesië en Colombia as die hoofprodusente. Beduidende navorsingsprogramme het gefokus op die verskaffing van hoë-opbrengs C. arabica kultivars met weerstand teen plae en siektes, droogte, lae temperature en suur gronde. In Colombia word koffie op 915 793 hektaar verbou, onderhou deur ongeveer 563 000 Colombiaanse koffieverbouers. In 2013 het Colombia 0,7 MMT koffie uitgevoer, ter waarde van ongeveer USD 3 500 000 000. Koffieproduksie is aansienlik bedreig deur blaarroes wat veroorsaak word deur die swam Hemileia vastatrix, wat in alle koffiegroeiende lande wêreldwyd voorkom, en lei tot aansienlike ekonomiese verliese. In Colombia verminder twee groepe grondgedraagde patogene, Rosellinia-spesies wat wortelvrotsiektes veroorsaak, en Ceratocystis-spesies wat kanker (“llaga macana”) siekte veroorsaak, ook produktiwiteit. Hierdie oorsig bied 'n opsomming van kennis aangaande koffiespesies, hul ekonomiese belangrikheid, teel van koffie om produksie te verbeter en besonderhede van laasgenoemde twee siektes, hoofsaaklik in Colombia.

Sepedi: Mehlare ya kofi ke ya leloko la dimela Coffea (lapa la Rubiaceae). Kofi ya Arabica (Coffea arabica) e thomile ka Ethiopia gomme e ile ya bjalwa la mathomo kua Yemen lekgolong la nywagakgolong ya bo-15. Kofi ya Arabica e ile ya tsebišwa dikontinenteng tša Asia le tša Amerika nakong ya nywagagolong ya bo-17 le la bo-18 ka go latelelana. Lehono, mohuta wo o tšea 70% ya tšweletšo ya kofi ya lefase, ka C.canephora (robusta) yeo e bopago ~30% ya tšweletšo. Kofi e bile le seabe se segolo tlhabollong ya ekonomi le setšo dinageng tšeo e bjalwago go tšona. Ka 2013, dinaga tše di romelago ntle di tšweleditše ditone tša metric tše ka bago dimilione tše 8.5 (MMT) tša dinawa tša kofi tše tala, Brazil, Vietnam, Indonesia le Colombia bjalo ka batšweletši ba bagolo. Mananeo a bohlokwa a dinyakišišo a lebeletše kudu go tlamela dikhalthiba tša C. arabica tša poelo ya godimo bokgoni bja go lwantšha dikokwane le malwetši, komelelo, dithemperetšha tša fase le mabu a esiti. Kua Colombia, kofi e bjalwa ka dihekthara tše 915 793, e tšwetšwa pele ke malapa a ka bago 563 000 a go bjala kofi a Colombia. Colombia e rometše ntle 0.7 MMT ya kofi ka 2013, ya boleng bjo bo ka bago USD 3 500 000 000. Tšweletšo ya kofi e beilwe kotsing kudu ke moruswi wa matlakala wo o hlotšwego ke fungus ya Hemileia vastatrix, yeo e lego gona dinageng ka moka tša go bjala kofi lefaseng ka bophara, gomme e hlola tahlegelo ye kgolo ekonoming. Kua Colombia dihlopha tše pedi tša ditwatši tše di rwalago mmu, mehuta ya Rosellinia yeo e hlolago malwetši a go bodiša medu, le mehuta ya Ceratocystis yeo e hlolago bolwetši bja kankere (“llaga macana”), le tšona di fokotša tšweletšo. Tekolo ye e tšweletša kakaretšo ya tsebo mabapi le mehuta ya kofi, bohlokwa bja yona ekonoming, katišong ya kofi go kaonafatša tšweletšo le dintlha tša malwetši a mabedi a mafelelo, kudukudu ka Colombia.