Antarctic expeditions : a systematic review of the physiological, nutritional, body composition and psychological responses to treks across the continental ice

Abstract

BACKGROUND : Antarctic expeditions, although supported by scientific knowledge, face various challenges, with little research conducted to explore the physical demands that explorers experience. OBJECTIVE : To summarise physiological, psychological, body composition and nutritional changes faced during trek expeditions in the Antarctic’s continental portion. DESIGN : Systematic review. INFORMATION SOURCES : We used PubMed, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, Scopus, Cochrane databases, CINAHL and Medline Ovid to search for studies published up to January 2023. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA : We included original articles or case reports published in English and in peer-reviewed journals, involving both sexes, using both quantitative and qualitative approaches, that considered Antarctic continent expedition, as well as solo exploration/group exploration. Animal studies, in vitro studies, explorers < 18 years of age, overwintering at research stations, tourist/organized visits to Antarctica or the South Pole, not sleeping on the ice, and ultra-endurance events were excluded. The JBI critical appraisal checklist for case studies was used for quality assessment. RESULTS : A total of 12 studies met the eligibility criteria. The main findings are reversible changes in bone density and mineral content. Despite high-calorie intake (5000 kcal/day or more), participants experienced body weight loss and a decrease in appetite-regulating hormones. Motivation and goal orientation, positive interpersonal communication and support are important skills during polar expeditions. Multidisciplinary research revealed various physiological and cognitive responses, disrupted sleep patterns and mood changes. CONCLUSION : Prolonged hypobaric hypoxia reduces aerobic capacity and increases anaerobic metabolism, while bone density changes are reversible and weight loss occurs despite high-calorie intake. Effective decision-making, teamwork and personal growth are crucial for Antarctic explorers. Future studies need to investigate strategies on how to improve physiological functions while maintaining homeostasis. REGISTRATION : PROSPERO—CRD42022382609.

KEY POINTS: • Changes in bone density, mineral content, and hormones were observed during Antarctic traverses, but they were reversible. • Significant changes in body composition with a decrease in body mass, fat tissue, and lean tissue weight were observed pre- to post-expedition. • Communication and teamwork are crucial during polar expeditions. • Prolonged hypobaric hypoxia led to a decreased aerobic capacity and increased anaerobic metabolism, indicating the body's adaptive responses to oxygen deprivation at high altitudes.